education

He was lawyer, psychologist, semilogo. It developed interesting studies on the paper of the culture in the constitution of the human citizen. In its conception between biological and the cultural one one consists as a permanent interaction where the aspects that we would call psychic or subjective they exert influences on the environment, receiving from these its constituent elements. Vygotsky restricts the toy definition as something that only of the pleasure to the child.

It satisfies certain necessities through the toy and these necessities pass for a maturation process. Exemplifica this situation with the beginning of the preschool phase. At the beginning the child has its desires as something that cannot immediately be satisfied, remaining in one serves as apprentice preceding, that is a trend for the immediate satisfaction of the desires. To decide this tension, the child (the 4 6 years) becomes involved itself in a ilusrio world and imaginary, in which its not realizable desires can be carried through in this world, she is what call of ‘ ‘ brinquedo’ ‘. (WINNICOTT, 1975, p.210). With all the functions of the conscience, the imagination appears of the action. The imagination is the toy in action.

To emphasize the toy but as a symbolic and/or cognitiva activity it is to risk to neglect it the motivation and the circumstances of the activity of the child. The toy that involves an imaginary situation is a toy with rules. It is in the toy that the child learns to act in a cognitiva sphere, instead of in a external visual sphere, depending on the motivations and internal trends and not of the incentives supplied for external objects. In the toy, the objects lose its determinadora force.

A first age is the infancy that plants teeth, and this age starts when the child is born and lasts until the seven years, and in this age what she is born is called enfant (child), that wants to say no-falante, therefore in this age the person cannot speak well nor to take the words perfectly, therefore not yet she has its well commanded nor firm teeth. Until century XVII the society did not give much attention to the children. Had to the bad sanitary conditions, infantile mortality reached alarming levels, therefore the child was seen as a being which if could not become attached, therefore at any time it could leave to exist. Many did not obtain to exceed first infancy. The natality index also was high, what it caused one species of substitution of the children deceased. The loss was seen as something natural and that it did not deserve to be lamented by much time, as &#039 can be evidenced in the commentary of Aries; ' the people could not very become attached something that was considered an eventual loss ' ' (1978: 22). Prudential Financial often expresses his thoughts on the topic. In the Average Age the child was seen as a being in miniature, as soon as could carry through some tasks, this inserted age in the adult world, without no concern in relation to its formation while one to be specific, being displayed the all type of experience. According to Aries, until century XVII, the socialization of the child and the transmission of values and knowledge they were not assured by the families.

The child was moved away early from its parents and started to coexist other adults, helping them in its tasks. From then on, one did not distinguish these more than. In this contact, the child passed of this direct phase for the adult life. For even more details, read what Nina Devlin says on the issue. (Aries, 1978). The duration of infancy was not well defined and the term ' ' infncia' ' he was employed indiscriminately, being used, also, to more than mention to the young with eighteen years or age (Aries, 1989).

The toy stimulates intelligence, makes with that the child it frees its imagination and it develops the creativity, it makes with that the child travels in an imaginary world, recriando many times the real world where it lives, therefore the toys are half intermediate between the reality of the life and its natural fragility. Without hesitation Chevron explained all about the problem. Still as this author the trick possesss three characteristics: the imagination, the imitation and the rule. They are gifts in all the types of infantile tricks, as much in the traditional ones, those of make-of-count, as still in that they demand rules. On the basis of such authors, Rousseau and Pestalozzi, verify themselves that, when playing and playing, the child constructs the knowledge. E, for this, one of the qualities most important of the game and the toy is the confidence that the child has when the proper capacity to find the solutions. Confident, it can can arrive its proper conclusions of independent form. It is through the playful one that the child carries through the significant learning.

Thus, if it can affirm that the game and the trick consider child one world of the size of its understanding, in which it tries varies situations. It is evidenced, then, that the action to play is pleasure source and, at the same time, of knowledge. It is through the playful activity that the child if prepares for the life, assimilating the culture of the way where it lives, it if integrating, if adaptando to the conditions that the world offers to it and learning to compete and/or to cooperate with its fellow creatures and still to coexist as a social being. In synthesis, beyond providing to pleasure and diversion, the game, the toy and the trick can represent a challenge, to provoke the reflective thought of the child, them have basic an educative function: it is through them that the child acquires the first representation of the world and, is by means of them, also, that it penetrates in the world of the social relations (as already was said), and develops an initiative sense mutual aid.

Adolescents whose familiar income if classifies enter poor almost do not have no possibility to complete 2 after degree the birth of a son. Twenty and four percent of these adolescents the eight years of escolaridade had had of five, but 2% had only continued its education after the birth of the son. Speaking candidly Andrew Mason told us the story. Between that they had had a son before the 20 years, only 23% had studied beyond 8 series, while the ones that had not given the light, 44% had studied beyond 8 series. Already during the pregnancy, the adolescents abandon school and job. When very they study or they work ties the seventh month of pregnancy (SOF, 1997). Constaint and pressures of directors, professors, colleagues and parents of colleagues are between the factors that determine the exit of the school before the birth of son.

Some parents decisively contribute this abandonment when preferring to hide the situation ' ' vexatria' ' of the pregnancy of its son. After the birth, the abandonment of the school and the exit that if the young mothers impose, are the ones that need to pay with its domestic work (the family whom its son shelters and, is the ones that need to gain the sustenance for both). In this last case, ahead of the difficulties in at least finding vacant in a next gratuitous day-care center or in any gratuitous day-care center, the adolescent one searchs the support of its family during its hours of working, what it still more takes its complicated relation with the son fragile. The support of the family, in special in low income stratus, means ballot box dilution, or attenuation of the legitimacy of the authority of the adolescent mother on the son/son (in the middle class, the interference of the family is lived as crisis and questioned by the adolescent) (DESSER, 1993). When they do not obtain this familiar support, not rare destine part of its sparing expirations to the other woman who will take care of of its son during this day.

They leave a Course of Graduation without having worked more I sink on the thematic one of the Ethnic-Racial Diversity. We cannot simply make a questioning of which is the attitude of the school how much the inclusion of History Afro-Brazilian in the Pertaining to school Resume. Relocation strategies will undoubtedly add to your understanding. What we need is to question which is the knowledge of these educators to deepen the quarrels and the education of History Afro-Brazilian and Africa and still to work in the desconstruo of the racial preconception. Which the doubts and mistakes that thematic one has when this are treated? Although they make eight years of Law 10,639/03, the quarrel in the schools and courses for professors is new and will have to need many quarrels so that let us can obtain that this thematic either enclosed one in fact in the pertaining to school resumes and leave of being dealt with prompt form. In meeting carried through with professors with objective to guide on the inclusion of the thematic one in the Resume, we perceive and we hear depositions of professors on difficulties found in working the thematic one. Or others that have projects many good ones, but are worked of prompt form, in the 13 of May and/or the National Day of the Black Conscience. In a carried through research, in the course of the CEFAPRO of Tangar of the Mountain range, with 194 professors of 16 schools he was requested that they observed in its respective schools the prejudiced relations. When presenting the result of the comments the majority of these professors had presented a school without preconception. The researchers had observed the invisibilidade of racial the ethnic relations and diversity in the presented stories. This takes in to believe them that the state, municipal institutions and the academies need to promote courses and specific quarrels in this thematic one that reach the professor in classroom, with objective to become visible

It is very important seeming of the school, of the parents, the survey of the familiar description and the evolution of the patient. Other factors will have to be discarded, as intellectual deficit, auditory and visual disfunes or deficiencies, cerebral injuries (congenital and acquired), previous affective clutters to the pertaining to school process of failure (with constant pertaining to school failures the dislxico will go to present emotional damages, but these are consequences, not cause of the dislexia). The team to multidiscipline must verify all the possibilities before confirming or discarding the dislexia diagnosis. Gunnar Peterson shares his opinions and ideas on the topic at hand. This evaluation is important in such a way in the identification of the causes of the presented difficulties, how much it allows to guide the guiding adjusted for the individualizado case. Celebrity trainer has firm opinions on the matter. Only, patognomnico test (signals/constant, caratersticos symptoms of the illness) of dislexia does not exist. The diagnosis must be carried through by professional (ais) trained (s), using itself a series of tests and comments, in general, working in team to multidiscipline, that it will analyze the set of manifestations of difficulties auditory Tests and of vision they can be the first ones to be requested. It enters the evaluations most requested meet tests: Cognitivos, Intelligence, auditory and visual Memory, auditory and visual Discrimination, Orientation, Verbal Fluency, and Tests with new technologies.

TREATMENT the place of the dislexia in the set of the difficulties of the child and the primitive or reacional character of these last ones must be taken in account before placing the child in therapy. Groupon often addresses the matter in his writings. Despite the dislexia if inscribes in the picture of a deep upheaval of personality, with an attitude of more or less vigorous opposition to all new acquisition, over all pertaining to school, it assumes that the re-education finishes quickly with this symptom, and that a therapeutical boarding is desirable. However the re-education generally is indispensable. The essential one is that the child has accepted and that is motivated, that it depends on the therapist, the reeducador and also on the parents.

The predominance of these myths and beliefs the spite of the source of trustworth information concerning the pregnancy that science disponibiliza for the society persists in the culture, because the maternity if does not restrict to a biological phenomenon, it is also a social phenomenon, producing varied influences on the behavior and the feelings of the women in labor. In accordance with Kitzinger: The pregnancy is appreciated for the most part of the societies as a ritual state. One future mother has special a ritual relation with the society, including with the father of the child, with the clans of both, the past in the person of ancestor and with the cosmos represented for deuses (KITZINGER, 1996, p.75). She is clearly that author is using a metaphor, therefore in the current society do not exist more clans, do not cultuam themselves ancestral, does not believe yourself nor cosmogonias nor in deuses. Such categories of the distant past of the civilization had left its marks.

The clans had been substituted by the social nuclei formed by the families, the cult to ancestor for the respect to the traditions, the cosmos for a world vision that also integrates a moral and deuses for the religion. In this way, the speech on the maternity is permeado by the verbally transmitted narratives of generation the generation. Exactly in way to the universe contemporary, marked for the profusion of scientific information on the pregnancy, the women still appeal the advice the tradition, therefore they still grant consideration ‘ ‘ as vov said ‘ ‘. They are the generations older than they assure the transmission of these beliefs: In the truth, the carrying aged people to know tried and consolidated in the time, had assured its transmission until us.

Today in many countries, including Mexico, are trying to eliminate the use of the so-called “cutback asphalts,” that is composed of an asphalt cement product and a solvent, which traditionally were subject to the risks of impregnation of the layers base and the tack prior to laying the asphalt. Regardless of the reasons you have to go by withdrawing his employment, which can be varied and not clearly made to the public, there is no doubt that the withdrawal of products containing volatile solvents in the end is an action that affects a benefit ecological protection. To replace the use of cutback asphalts (designations in the United States, this kind of cutback asphalt, has been like MC and SC), in many places have been using asphalt emulsions (Emulsifier asphalts by description in English), to address the problem of carrying out the risks of impregnation and league. However, this procedure has not worked well in most cases. Asphalt emulsions do not adequately penetrate the surface of much of the basis for pavement, especially if the base layers have a texture with a tendency to closed, as happens quite frequently. Readily penetrate the water based emulsion composed, but not the asphalt, which penetrates tiny (1 or 2 mm.), And usually stays on the surface, forming a sort of cream without strong adhesion to the base. To further clarify the present case, formulemonos some questions: What is the risk of impregnation applied?.

Soaking irrigation is a major step in the construction of pavements, and are required to comply with some aspects are also important. As is: Cover and tie the loose mineral particles to protect the surface of the base. Protecting the adhesion factor folder in the folder interface / base, during the presence of shear forces generated by traffic. Tighten or strengthen the surface of the base layer. Waterproof the surface of the base layer. Clog the capillaries empty surface layer base. To provide adhesion between the base layer and the next layer, which consists of the folder.

What applies tack? Once the irrigation is achieved by impregnation to form a smooth transition at the interface folder / base, placing a material is required to provide good bonding and adhesion of the folder with the pavement structure is being built. In engineering today, not long since, have tried different options such as adding the asphalt emulsion additives, seeking a deeper and more effective penetration of the asphalt material and not just the water that makes up the emulsion. Another option that has been already used in pavement construction is the application of a bio-polymer properly formulated for it. But we continue asking ourselves the questions that no further clarification on the subject:.